Elements: Earth, Air
Increase: Vata, and in later stages of disease, it also increases Kapha
Decrease: Pitta
Found in the Astringent, Bitter and Pungent tastes
Balanced by Soft, Sweet, Salty, Sour
Action: Increases hardness and strength, reduces mental and physical flexibility, promotes rigidity, selfishness, callousness and insensitivity.